windows-development

C++ Best Practices Skill

Overview

Modern C++ programming best practices for high-performance Windows development.

Key Principles

RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization)

class FileHandle {
    HANDLE handle_;
public:
    FileHandle(const wchar_t* path) {
        handle_ = CreateFileW(path, ...);
    }
    ~FileHandle() {
        if (handle_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
            CloseHandle(handle_);
        }
    }
    // Disable copying, enable moving
    FileHandle(const FileHandle&) = delete;
    FileHandle(FileHandle&& other) noexcept
        : handle_(other.handle_) {
        other.handle_ = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    }
};

Smart Pointers

• Use std::unique_ptr for exclusive ownership
• Use std::shared_ptr sparingly
• Avoid std::weak_ptr unless breaking cycles

Modern C++ Features

• Range-based for loops
• Auto type deduction
• Lambda expressions
• Structured bindings (C++17)
• Concepts (C++20)

Performance Tips

1. Avoid unnecessary copying (use std::move)
2. Reserve container capacity
3. Use string_view for read-only strings
4. Inline hot functions
5. Profile before optimizing

Windows Kernel Development Basics

IRQL Levels

• PASSIVE_LEVEL (0): Normal execution
• APC_LEVEL (1): Asynchronous Procedure Calls
• DISPATCH_LEVEL (2): DPC and scheduler
• DEVICE_IRQL (3+): Hardware interrupts

Memory Pools

// NonPagedPool: Always resident, use at DISPATCH_LEVEL
PVOID buffer = ExAllocatePool2(POOL_FLAG_NON_PAGED, size, 'Tag1');

// PagedPool: Can be paged out, use at PASSIVE_LEVEL
PVOID buffer = ExAllocatePool2(POOL_FLAG_PAGED, size, 'Tag2');

// Don't forget to free
ExFreePoolWithTag(buffer, 'Tag1');

Synchronization

• Spin Lock: High IRQL, short duration
• Mutex: PASSIVE_LEVEL only
• Fast Mutex: Similar to kernel mutex
• Event: Signal/Wait mechanism

Common Pitfalls

• Accessing paged memory at DISPATCH_LEVEL
• Forgetting to dereference objects
• Not handling IRP cancellation
• Memory leaks (use Driver Verifier)